Video: Review (Part 1)

﻿Just take a moment to note down the date and the title so that you keep all of your notes organised. For today's lesson, you're going to need a pen, different colour pens, if possible. You will also need some paper. So you will be able to work off one sheet of A4. However, you also might want to cut up two sheets of A4 into squares so that you can use these to make some revision cards. If you need to do any of those things or get any of those things, can you pause the video and do so now? During today's lesson, we're going to recap infectious diseases, viral diseases, bacterial diseases, fungal diseases and protist diseases. So if we start with infectious diseases, infectious diseases are ones that can be caught. They can be spread because they are caused by microorganisms, and these can be passed from person to person. We call these communicable diseases. These are different to noncommunicable diseases, as noncommunicable diseases cannot be spread. This is things like heart disease and cancer. Pathogens are microorganisms that cause illness. So not all microorganisms do make us ill. However, the ones that do, we call pathogens. There are four main types of pathogen, fungi, protists, bacteria and viruses. We need to know some examples of diseases caused by each of these pathogens. Pathogens cause illness in two ways. One, they release toxins. So toxins are harmful substances that are produced by bacteria, and they poison the body's tissues and enzymes, and this causes damage. The second way is cell damage through reproduction. A rise in the number of pathogens can damage a cell, even causing it to burst. Some pathogens hijack resources that cells need to survive. Bacteria reproduce rapidly, so they overcrowd our healthy cells. Viruses, however, find a host cell within our body. They will then hijack our cell's resources to reproduce themselves. They reproduce inside our cell and when the cell is full, they will burst that cell open and release the viruses into the blood. Each of these will then go on to find a host cell and do the same, and this causes damage to our cells. Name the four types of pathogen for me, shout those out. Brilliant, virus, bacteria, protists and fungi. What do we call microbes that are capable of making us ill? Brilliant, we call them pathogens. So remember, not all microorganisms make us ill. The ones that do, we call pathogens. What I'm going to do is I'm going to take you through how to make revision cards. On one side of your card, you would write the question. So here, I have chosen, what is an infectious disease? You would then flip that card over and write the answer on the back. So an infectious disease is a disease that can be caught. We need to make sure that these revision cards have got short, snappy answers on them 'cause we want to be able to memorise them quickly and use them to test ourselves. Take a look at this revision card here. What's the problem with it? Excellent, there's just way too much information in the answer here. We need to make sure that our answers are short and concise. What's the problem with this revision card? Well done, so this one just does not have enough information at all. If you wrote this as an answer to a question in an exam, you would not get any marks, 'cause you have not distinguished what the difference is between an infectious disease and any other disease at all. What I would like you to do is pause the video here. On one of the squares of A4 that you have cut out, can you make this your first revision card? So the question would go on one side and the answer on the back. Resume the video when you've done this. I would like you to do now, is for each of these questions, turn them into a revision card. So you will be writing your question on one side and your answer on the other. Pause now and have a go. Brilliant, so on your revision cards, you should have the question on one side and the correct answer on the other. Check your answers by looking at my examples here. So now we'll look at how pathogens are spread. So they can be spread through airborne droplets. This, for example, is when someone coughs or sneezes. They can also be spread through touch. So if you touch a surface that someone infected with a pathogen has also touched. Food and water. Undercooked or reheated food can cause bacterial infections. Dirty water can also transmit diseases. Animal and insect bites. So if an animal or an insect is carrying a disease that can be transmitted to humans, they can transmit this to you when they bite or scratch you. You might also get an infection if a noninfected animal bites or scratches you, is they can cut your skin, and this opens the skin so that bacteria can enter your body. Infected needles. Using the same needle as an infected person can also transmit disease. This is why all needles are sterile and disposed off after the first use. And unprotected sex. Having unprotected sex puts you at risk of catching things like chlamydia, gonorrhoea, HIV, and many other sexually transmitted diseases. We need to make sure that we're using accurate scientific language when we're describing things in an exam. This student wrote, we have acid in our stomach to get rid of the bacteria in our food. But this is incorrect and this statement would get no marks in an exam. Why do you think they would be getting no marks? They would be getting no marks because this description is not scientifically accurate. They should have wrote that we have acid in our stomach to kill pathogens in our food. So it doesn't get rid of bacteria, it kills pathogens. What I would like you to do is pause the video here and onto a sheet of paper, so not onto a revision card this time, just onto a sheet of paper, can you make these statements more accurate? Good, can you just pause again and make any changes to your answers if you need to. So we'll go on to look at viral disease. You need to know about three diseases caused by a virus, two in humans and one in plants. Measles is a virus that affects humans. It can be spread through direct contact and airborne droplets. The distinctive symptoms are a fever and a rash, the rash you can see in the picture. We cannot treat the virus. However, you can treat the symptoms using painkillers. HIV is also a virus that affects humans. It is spread through bodily fluids and upon first infection, people will feel flu-like symptoms. After this, the virus will live dormant in the body for months or even years. When it becomes active again, it will turn into AIDS, and this is when the body will start to attack its own immune system. And it means that the sufferer is unable to fight off infection. We cannot treat HIV, but antiretroviral drugs can be taken to slow down the progression of HIV into AIDS. Tobacco mosaic virus affects plants. It can be spread through contact between the plants, naturally, or through a gardener's touch. The leaves develop a white mosaic pattern, and there is no cure for this virus. So the gardeners must do everything they can to reduce the infection by sterilising their tools and removing any infected plants. What I would like you to do is fill in the gaps in this sentence. Good, TMV stops plants growing as it causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves, meaning that plants cannot photosynthesize as well, due to lack of chlorophyll. What I would like you to do now, is turn these questions into revision cards. So on your little cutout pieces of paper, can you write the question on one side and your answer on the other? Just take a look at the answers, make any changes to your answers that are needed. So we'll go on now to look at bacterial disease, starting with salmonella. Symptoms of salmonella include vomiting, abdominal cramps, diarrhoea and fever. To prevent the spread, all poultry are vaccinated. You need to make sure that food is cooked properly and that you prepare food in hygienic conditions. Salmonella can be treated with antibiotics. Gonorrhoea is another bacterial infection that you need to know about. Symptoms of gonorrhoea include pain when urinating and a yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina. To prevent the spread of gonorrhoea, condoms must be used during sex. Gonorrhoea can be treated with antibiotics. What are the symptoms of salmonella? Can you shout them out for me? Brilliant, abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea. How is gonorrhoea spread? Brilliant, it's spread through sexual contact. How can the spread of gonorrhoea be prevented? Excellent, use condoms during sex or abstain from sex. We're now going to look at fungal infections. You need to know about Rose Black spot as an example of a fungal infection. It is spread by water, by wind or by touch. For example, when the gardener is touching an infected plant and then touching another plant. To prevent Rose Black spot, we can strip the affected leaves, dig up any infected plants or sterilise the tools. Rose Black spot can be treated with fungicides. So let's just go through those main points. It can be spread by water, by wind or by touch. Black spots appear on the surface of the leaves or the leaves will turn yellow and drop off. Most Black Spot is treated by spraying fungicides. To prevent it from spreading, affected leaves are pulled off, affected plants are dug up and tools are sterilised. What I would like you to do now, is pause here on your A4 sheet of paper, so not onto any cards, can you answer these questions? Check your answers against the answers on the screen. If you need to make any changes, please do. Now we're going to have a look at protist infection. Malaria is the example of a protist infection that you need to learn about. Malaria is spread by mosquitoes. The mosquitoes are a vector and this means that they carry the protist that causes malaria, but they're not actually infected themselves. Symptoms of malaria include fever, sweats and liver damage. Antimalarial drugs are taken to treat the symptoms, but you can also take them to prevent infection. Now we're going to look at how we control the spread of malaria. You can use insect repellent and sleep under mosquito nets to stop mosquitoes from biting you. We can drain any stagnant pools of water as this removes a place for the mosquitoes to lay their eggs. We can also spray insecticides to kill any adult mosquitoes. Sometimes pills are spread with oil as this stops any larva underneath the water the oxygen, so they will not hatch. What I would like you to do now, is pause here and answer these questions onto a sheet of paper, not on to any revision cards. Good, check your answers against the answers on the screen. If you need to make any changes, please do. That brings us to the end of the lesson. If you would like to share any of your revision cards that you have made today with Oak National, please ask your parent or carer to share the work on your behalf. You can share it on Instagram, Facebook or Twitter, by tagging @oaknational and #LearnwithOak. Can you also please go and complete the exit quiz? Thank you for taking part and I hope you enjoy the rest of your day.

Worksheet: Review (Part 1)

Exit Quiz: Review (Part 1)

Completed: Review (Part 1)

In this lesson we will go back over infectious diseases such as viral, bacterial, fungal and protist diseases. We will also look at accurate scientific language and how we can make some revision cards. This lesson can be watched at the end of the topic or after the fungal and protist disease lesson.

Combined Science

Review (Part 1)

Video

Worksheet

Final Quiz

Lesson Complete