Intro Quiz: Risk Factors during Gestation

Video: Risk Factors during Gestation

﻿Hello, and welcome to this lesson on reproduction. My name is Mr. Wyatt, and I'll be guiding you through the lesson today. This is Lesson Four, and it's called Risk Factors in Gestation. All you will need today is a pen and some paper. Please take a moment now to turn off any notifications on your phone, and clear away any distractions that may affect you in the lesson. Then, once you have found a nice quiet space where you will not be disturbed, we can begin. Let's go. This is what we will be learning about today. We'll start by talking about the different risk factors during pregnancy. Then we will look at how to describe graphs and graphs related to pregnancy. And finally, we will look at interpreting data. In lesson three, we discussed how the placenta and the umbilical cord are essential for passing nutrients and oxygen to the foetus, as well as removing waste products from the foetus. What we will look at today is the other substances that can pass from mother to foetus. Pregnant women are advised not to smoke or consume alcohol during pregnancy, as it may affect the baby. We will see why during this lesson. We will start by talking about smoking. We already know that smoking is bad for you, but if you are pregnant, it can be even worse. Smoking increases the risk of the baby being born with a low birth mass. This means it doesn't weigh very much. This can have negative impacts on the baby's health. This is shown in the graph to the right, which shows the results of a study done into the effects of smoking on birth mass of the baby. Before I go through the graph, I want to know what you think. How would you describe the pattern shown in the graph? Please pause the lesson here and write down any thoughts you may have. When you are asked to describe the graph, that's it. All you need to do is say what you see. You do not need to explain anything just yet. So, what do we see? Let's start with the X axis. As we move along the X axis from left to right, the number of cigarettes smoked increases. This is going to be the start of our description. How about the Y axis? The Y axis is the birth mass. Before we look at how the birth mass changes, let's put our sentence together. As the number of cigarettes smoked increases, the birth mass will either increase, decrease, or stay the same. Let's now have a look. As we move from left to right, the data points are moving downwards. This means the birth mass is decreasing. So our final sentence will say, as the number of cigarettes smoked increases, the birth mass decreases. Another risk factor during pregnancy is consuming alcohol. Drinking alcohol during pregnancy increases the chances of foetal alcohol syndrome. This can negatively impact the health of the baby. The risk of this is shown in the graph. Again, before I go through the graph with you, how would you describe the pattern in this graph? Please pause the lesson here and write down any thoughts you have. Just like last time, we need to say what we see. Let's start by looking at the X axis first. As we move along the X axis from left to right, and the number of units of alcohol consumed increases. This is what our sentence will look like, As the number of alcohol units drank per week increases the risk of foetal alcohol syndrome either increases, decreases, or stays the same. What happens to the risk of foetal alcohol syndrome as we move along the graph from left to right? You can see that the data points start to move up the page. This means the risk of foetal alcohol syndrome increases. So our final sentence will read; as the number of units of alcohol consumed increases, the risk of foetal alcohol syndrome also increases. Now we all move on to some quick fire questions to see what you have learnt so far. This is your first question. Which of these could harm the foetus? Pick two. Please point to the correct answers on the screen like this. Well done if you selected smoking and alcohol. Which of these statements is correct? Please pause the lesson here to read them, and then point to the correct answer on the screen. Well done if you selected smoking during pregnancy can decrease birth mass. How would you describe this graph? FAS stands for foetal alcohol syndrome. Please pause the lesson here to pick your answer and then point at the correct answer on the screen. Well done if you selected As units of alcohol drank increases, the risk of foetal alcohol syndrome also increases. How would you describe this graph? Please pause the lesson here and read the options and then point to the correct answer on the screen. Well done if you selected As the number of cigarettes smoked increases, the birth mass decreases. For this task, you need to explain why a pregnant woman should not smoke during gestation. You should include what the placenta and the umbilical cord are for, how the chemicals in the smoke could get to the foetus, and how this could affect the birth mass. Please pause the lesson here before writing your answer. Please pause the lesson here to check your answers. Well done if you've got all of the answers correct. Now we are going to move on to interpreting data. A foetus can consume many different substances during gestation. We are going to look at some data to decide which substances are good, and which substances are bad. Here is some data in the table on the right. Five mothers were monitored through that pregnancy to see what substances they were consuming. Three different substances were studied. Iodine, folic acid, and nicotine. The birth mass of the baby was recorded when they were born. It was recorded as healthy, a little bit low, or very low. So from this data, which substances are essential for foetal development and which are harmful? If you are confident and want to have a go yourself, please pause the lesson here to do this. Otherwise we will carry on shortly. Let's look at nicotine to start with. The information we want to know is whether it's affected the birth mass. So I have covered up the other information just to make it easier. Only one mother had nicotine during the pregnancy. This was Thandlie. She was also the only mother to have a baby with a very low birth mass. This would seem to show that the nicotine led to the low birth mass. You may already know, that nicotine is a substance present in cigarettes. So this implies that Thandie may have been smoking. We already know that this is definitely bad for the baby. From this data, we can say that nicotine is bad for the foetus. How about iodine and folic acid? You may not have come across these, so we're going to have to check the data. Let's start with Sally and Zeinab. Sally and Zeinab both had very healthy babies. They also both consumed iodine and folic acid. How about Jackie and Jane? Both of their babies had a low birth mass. Jackie consumed iodine, but not folic acid. And Jane consumed folic acid, but not iodine. Because both of their babies were born with a low birth mass, this would imply that iodine and folic acid are both important for the foetus. Let's go through another one. This question is to do with calcium and iron, and if they affect bone density. You may already have heard of calcium and have some knowledge, so you might already know the answer here. Using the data, do you think either calcium or iron are important for bone density? Please pause the lesson here and have a go yourself before we go through it. Let's start by looking at calcium. Sally, Zeinab and Thandie, all consumed calcium in their diet. They also had babies with a healthy bone density. Neither Jackie nor Jane consumed calcium in their diet, and both of their babies were born with a low bone density. This would imply that calcium is important for bone density. Let's move on to looking at whether iron is important for bone density. Looking at Sally and Zeinab, they both have babies with a healthy bone density. The only difference in their diet is whether they consumed iron or not. Sally did consume iron and Zeinab did not. As both of their babies still had a healthy bone density, this would imply that iron is not important for bone density. If we look at Jane as well, she did not consume iron and she had a baby with a low bone density. But we already know from before that this was because of no calcium in her diet. I'll put some more quick fire questions. Please point to the correct answers on the screen. Your first question is, what do we do when describing a graph? Please point to the current answer on the screen. Well done if you selected Say what do you see. Which of these are essential for a fetus's development? There could be more than one correct answer, so please point it as many answers as you think are correct. Well done if you selected folic acid, calcium and iodine. Which one of these is important for bone density? Please point to the correct answer on the screen. Well done if you selected calcium. Now, I would like you to have a go at one of the questions on your own. This question is about vitamin A and vitamin B6, and whether they affect your eyesight or your red blood cell count. Please use the data provided to decide whether vitamin A or vitamin B6 affects eyesight or red blood cell count. Make sure you also explain your answer. If you're stuck, and can't remember how to do this, please rewind the lesson, and look at how we went through it before. Please pause the lesson now and have a go at this question in your books. Here are the correct answers. You should have seen that vitamin A is needed for good eyesight, and vitamin B6 is needed to make red blood cells. Please pause the lesson here to check your work. So far, we have looked at describing graphs and we have also looked at interpreting data. Now we are going to bring both of those skills together. Three groups of mothers were studied. Here is a graph showing the birth mass of their babies. Here is a table showing how much sugar and fat was consumed per day by each group of mothers. Let's use the graph and the table to answer the question at the top of the screen. Does the data show that consuming more sugar and fat leads to a higher birth mass? Again, if you are confident and want to have a go yourself, please pause the lesson here to do this. Otherwise, we will resume shortly. Let's start with group A. We can see that they have the lowest birth mass. What about the sugar and the fat? They also had the lowest amounts of sugar and fat. Now let's have a look at group B. Group B had the highest birth mass. They also consumed the largest amounts of sugar and fat. This data would imply that consuming more sugar and fat would lead to a higher birth mass. Now that we have all the information we need, I will show you how to write our answer. Let's start with group A. We can see that group A had the lowest birth mass and the lowest amounts of sugar and fat. The only thing left to include is some of the data. We can say that they consume six grammes of sugar and 20 grammes of fat. We took this from the table on the slide before. We do exactly the same for group B. Group B had the highest birth mass. They also consumed the largest amounts of sugar and fat. This was 45 grammes of sugar and 78 grammes of fat. The final thing left to do is write out our final conclusion. This would show that consuming more sugar and fat leads to a higher birth mass. Now it's time for you to have a turn at this question, before I go through it with you. This data is from another study, looking at the effects of alcohol and omega-3 on the baby's birth mass. On the left is a graph showing the birth mass of each baby, and on the right is a table showing the amounts of alcohol and omega-3 consumed by each group of mothers. You need to answer the question; does the data show that consuming alcohol or Omega-3 lead to a higher birth mass? Be careful when you look at the data because the numbers are different from before and the pattern is also different. Please pause the lesson here and have a go yourself before resuming as we go through it together. Now we will go through this question together, using the same process as before. Let's start with group two. Group two have the highest birth mass. They also consumed the largest amounts of omega-3, but the lowest amounts of alcohol. What about group three? Group three had the lowest birth mass. They also consumed the lowest amounts of Omega-3, but the highest amounts of alcohol. What does this mean, then? Well, low amounts of Omega-3 seem to be linked to low birth mass, and high amounts of Omega-3 seemed to be linked to high birth mass. So consuming Omega-3 may lead to a higher birth mass. What about alcohol? This looks to be the opposite. Consuming low amounts of alcohol leads to a higher birth mass, and consuming large amounts of alcohol leads to a low a birth mass. This would seem to imply that consuming alcohol lowers the birth mass of the baby. Now let's go through how to put this altogether and right out our answer. Make sure you remember to include the data. Please pause the lesson here to have a go at writing out your full answer. Now let's go through writing out the answer together. We will start with group two. Group two has the highest birth mass, and also consume the largest amounts of Omega-3 at 45 grammes, but the lowest amounts of alcohol at zero units. Group three had the lowest birth mass and also consumed the lowest amounts of Omega-3, at five grammes, but the highest amounts of alcohol, at 12 units. And for our conclusion, consuming Omega-3 needs to a higher birth mass, but consuming alcohol leads to a lower birth mass. That brings us to the end of this lesson. Well done for all the fantastic learning you have achieved. Here is a summary of what we have learned today. We have looked at the different risk factors involved in gestation, how to describe graphs, and how to interpret data. Thank you for tuning into this lesson, and I hope you enjoyed it. I hope you enjoy the rest of your day, and the rest of your learning. Thank you.

Exit Quiz: Risk Factors during Gestation

Completed: Risk Factors during Gestation

This lesson looks at the risks of smoking and drinking alcohol during pregnancy, along with exploring data and graphs.

Science

Risk Factors during Gestation

Introductory Quiz

Video

Final Quiz

Lesson Complete