Intro Quiz: The changing industrial structure of India (Part 2)

Video: The changing industrial structure of India (Part 2)

﻿Hello there and welcome to your geography lesson, the changing industrial structure of India, part two. My name is Mr. Foster and for this lesson, you will need a pen and paper. You will need to make sure that the alerts and notifications on your mobile device is switched off and you'll need to be somewhere away from distractions. Once you're ready, we'll begin. So in this lesson, we'll start by looking at the broad changes that have occurred in primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary sector employment in India. We'll, then look in more depth at the primary sector itself and why those changes have occurred. We'll look in greater detail at the secondary sector. How employment in that sector has changed, and also how this has been good for India, particularly economically. We'll then look at why tertiary and quaternary employment has grown and why tertiary and quaternary sectors are far more important now to India, than they have been in the past. And then finally, we'll briefly look at how we develop points when writing in geography. So to begin with a look at the changes that have occurred in India's industrial structure. If we focus first on the primary sector, India has seen a significant drop in the number of people employed in the primary sector. It was well over 70% in 1980. It is now around 40% by 2010. The majority of work in this primary sector is in agriculture. And there's been a significant decline in the number of people working in agriculture. Because we've seen a decline in the primary sector. We've seen growth in the secondary sector and the tertiary and quaternary sectors. If we focus first on the growth in the secondary sector, this has occurred because of a move towards industrial development, increased foreign direct investment from TNC, such as Unilever, the growth of Indian TNC, such as Tata steel. All of these have contributed to a significant increase in the amount of manufacturing that occurs in India. And if we look at the graph, we can see that in 1980, it accounted for around 15% of India's employment by 2010, it increased to over 40%. Finally, the tertiary and quaternary sector. Due to economic growth, people have got more disposable income, more money to spend on services and on consumer goods. So therefore there's been an increase in demand for tertiary and quaternary sector jobs. Consequently, we've seen tertiary and quaternary sector employment increased from 10% to around 20% over that same timeframe. So let's go back and let's think now about primary industry in India, how it's changed and why it has changed. Agriculture is the dominant primary industry in India. Traditionally farming, employed Most people in India, farmers were growing food for their own families with very small profits. This is known as subsistence farming, growing food for yourself, and this occurred across India. Consequently, the percentage of people working in agriculture was extremely high. Today however, primary industry employment has dropped. So about 40% of the population. Agriculture still occurs, the people of India still need food, but agriculture has now been mechanised to a high degree. So consequently, the number of people needed to work in farming is far lower. Machines, are doing the work instead. So consequently, the number of people employed in agriculture is in decline. Although the sector still employs many people around 40% of India's population, it only contributes 15% of India's economy. This is due to the low value of primary products in comparison to secondary goods and in comparison to tertiary services. So, a short task read the three statements, decide if they are true or false, pause here and complete your task. And here we have our answers. Over half of India's population work in agriculture, is false. It was true previously, but now it is around 40%. Products from agriculture are low value. This is true. And this is shown in the fact that 40% of people working in agriculture, and yet it accounts for only 15% of India's economy. An increase in mechanisation is causing a reduction in people employed in farming. This is true. But do remember, that does not mean that less produce is being grown in farming. Farming is still producing food for the whole country, but because of mechanisation, because of technology being used, less people are needed to grow that food. Moving on then. There's been a decline in primary employment in India, there's been a significant growth in secondary industry, In secondary employment in India. In 1999, secondary industry only employed 16% of the workforce. By 2018 this had grown to 24% and continues to rise. This figure is growing because people leave farming. They move to urban areas where they can access secondary jobs. This means that urban areas have a significant workforce available to work in manufacturing. And as a result, today, the secondary industry is growing rapidly in India is a major export of manufactured goods all over the world. This is shown in this image where we can see the cargo dock, at Mumbai port, India's busiest and largest port, which will ship products across the Middle East, across Europe, and potentially all over the world. As a result of this increase in manufacturing industry, India's GNI per capita has increased. wages have increased, and the quality of life of people across the country of India has increased. So that brings us nicely onto why the growth of secondary industry has been good for India. The growth of manufacturing has encouraged economic development in India because it provides people with more reliable jobs than primary industries. Farming is seasonal, meaning the work is only available at certain times of the year. Farming is particularly vulnerable to changes in climate. So drought can cause serious problems to farming. Flooding, extreme flooding, can cause serious problems to farming and farming is also vulnerable to things like pests where crops can be destroyed due to particular pests being in the area. That means that anyone working in farming is at risk of not making any money due to these particular vulnerabilities of farming. Manufacturing does not have those same vulnerabilities. There are different potential issues in manufacturing, but they are less of a worry than they are in farming. Manufacturing growth creates a positive multiplier effect. As workers have more income to spend in local businesses. These businesses pay taxes, which means the government has more money to invest in development. The multiplier effect means that money earned by workers in manufacturing, benefits the local economy and the national economy of India, every time it is subsequently spent. The worker spends money in a shop. The shop buys producing from farmers, every time that money is spent, it is spreading for the local economy and benefiting people. So a task, read the text, read the text carefully and identify three reasons for the increase in numbers employed in manufacturing in India. This text has been put together by me combining multiple accounts from Indian farmers into one single body of text. Read it carefully. Identify those reasons for the increase in the numbers employed in manufacturing in India. Pause the video and complete your task. And here we have our three reasons for the increase in the numbers employed in manufacturing. Farmers were hardly producing enough crops, even for their own use. Farmers were losing money every year. Manufacturing has more money in it. So therefore has larger incomes, because of the large companies involved. And the work is steady year on year, in comparison to farming where the work is less reliable. So moving on, tertiary and quaternary industry in India. Tertiary and quaternary sectors are often put together, often combined within an economy, particularly with LSC and NEE economies because the numbers of quaternary industries are especially are very small. So rather than have an additional very small sector on the graph of quaternary industry, quaternary and tertiary industries are combined. In the past, these industries were not common in India and employed very few people. This is because tertiary and quaternary industries are all about demand. And because there was not a huge amount of disposable income within communities in India, there was very little demand for services and for consumer goods. People had the belongings that they needed in order to grow food on their farms. People had some income, but predominantly with subsistence farming, growing foods for themselves, because there was little disposable income. There was no money to spend on services and there was very little money to spend on consumer goods. Therefore tertiary and quaternary sector industries were not common in India. If we go back just a few decades. however, as India's economy has grown India's population have had an increasing amount of disposable income. As the economies become stronger as more and more people have been employed in manufacturing. People have more disposable income. This combined with the development of infrastructure and the growth in public services, such as education and healthcare, has meant, there's been an increase in the number of tertiary and quaternary workers. Now, if we pick up here the word infrastructure, that can mean the roads, the railways, the water supply, the electricity supply in an area. But increasingly we also take that now to mean the provision of the internet. And for India's tertiary sector, when lots of people work in call centres, the provision of the internet is another important part of infrastructure, which has led to the growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors. These industries now employ around 34% of the workforce. These sectors also now generate 62% of the wealth in India's economy, which is more than primary and secondary sectors combined. Tertiary and quaternary sectors employ huge numbers of people, but tertiary and quaternary sectors dominate the wealth in India's economy. India's economy relies on the wealth, generated by the tertiary and quaternary sectors, making it... making them extremely important to improving India's levels of development. So think hard about the following statements. Improved education is the only factor causing the growth of India's tertiary and quaternary sectors. And this is false, the primary driver behind this growth is an increase in disposable income. The tertiary and quaternary sectors are the biggest contributors to India's economy. Is that true or false? And the answer is true. So before we finish with our main task, let's look at how we develop points in an answer. When writing in geography. We're going to do this via a model for a question that we're not actually going to answer. So the question that we'll look at is, explain one reason why a large primary industrial sector limits economic development in India. For two marks. Clearly, because this is a two Mark explained question. It requires the development of our main point in order to access both marks. If we look at the model answer, The first thing that we've done, is we've made a point. Farming is unreliable and does not provide a secure income. That is the point that we want to make. That is taken from the geography that we've looked at earlier in this... in this lesson where we discussed how changes in climate and the danger of pests can make farming unreliable in terms of employment. We need to develop that point to make sure that we're accessing full marks on this question. And in order to do that, there are certain phrases that are really useful to us, what we call connectives. The one that we've used the first here is, this means. This means, is a good connective to use in order to make sure that we're developing our points. So farming's unreliable and does not provide a secure income. This means that when weather conditions are poor, income for farmers will be low. So the phrase, this means, starts off an excellent sentence, which develops and explains why farming is unreliable. Now that will be enough to get both marks in this case. However, often as geographers, we have a deeper understanding of the geography behind an answer. And it doesn't take a huge amount of time to add another sentence, which completes the answer in a really neat and concise way. I've used a different phrasing here. As a result. As a result, the government has reduced the tax income to invest in developing the country. This is a double developed answer, but actually it's a good habit to be in where there's a chain. And that chain makes sense in terms of providing a full explanation. Farming is unreliable and does not provide a secure income. This means that when weather conditions are poor income for farmers will be low. As a result, the government has reduced tax income to invest in developing the country. That perfectly answers the question. Explain one reason why large primary industrial sector limits economic development in India. In the main task, do try to use those principles to ensure that you're explaining your answer to the best of your ability. And here we have our main task. Explain two reasons why growth in secondary industries is encouraging economic development in India. In order to do well, identify a benefit of the growth of manufacturing secondary industries in India. And then explain how this has led to economic development. Explain how the growth of manufacturing has created a benefit and how that has led to economic development in India. Do that once. And then do that again, for a second benefit, then that should enable you to get four marks out of four. Pause the video and complete your task. And here we have our model answer then. Growth in manufacturing has led to improved incomes for factory workers in India. This has led to a multiplier effect where money spent by factory workers, is spent again by business owners, which means there is more money in local economies. This is a good answer because it uses those connectives to explain our point that we've made. It also is very tightly linked to economic development, talking about the multiplier effect of money spreading through the economy, which is clearly to do with economic development. Second part of our answer. Secondly, increased manufacturing companies has meant more tax income for the government. As a result, the Indian government can invest more in education, meaning more educated and productive workforce in the future. Now again, we've got a benefit provided by a growth in service industry, more tax income. We've got the phrasing, as a result, to develop that. We've also made a point that Indian government can invest more in education, which is a social benefit. However, that third clause, meaning a more educated and productive workforce in the future, brings it back to being linked to economic development, because it's talking about a productive workforce and a productive workforce is an economic benefit. You can talk about social benefits here, as long as it is then clearly linked back to economic development, because that's what the question's referring to. Read through your answer. Compare to the model answer, improve where you need to. And that brings us to the end of our lesson, the changing industrial structure of India, part two. We've looked at the broad changes in primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary employment in India, over time. We looked in more depth at the primary sector and why it's changed. the secondary sector, why it's changed and how this has been good for India. We've looked at tertiary and quaternary sectors. How the numbers employed in those sectors are growing and how they are increasingly important to India's economy. And we've looked at how we develop points in a written answer in geography. Make sure you do the quiz, thank you for your efforts. And I look forward to seeing you in subsequent lessons. Goodbye.

Exit Quiz: The changing industrial structure of India (Part 2)

Completed: The changing industrial structure of India (Part 2)

In this lesson we will look further at the changes that have occured in India's industrial structure, focusing on how reduced employment in the primary sector led to increased manufacturing as well as looking at the importance of the tertiary and quaternary sectors to India's economy.

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The changing industrial structure of India (Part 2)

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